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Automobile</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design, Comparison and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile
Abstract
Almost all automobiles (at least those which correspond to design with rear wheel drive and front engine...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/analysis-of-propeller-shaf/" aria-label="View Post: Design, Comparison and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design, Comparison and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/analysis-of-propeller-shaf\/","articleBody":"Design, Comparison and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile\r\nAbstract\r\nAlmost all automobiles (at least those which correspond to design with rear wheel drive and front engine installation) have transmission shafts.\r\nThe weight reduction of the drive shaft can have a certain role in the general weight reduction of the vehicle and is a highly desirable goal, if it can be achieved without increase in cost and decrease in quality and reliability. It is possible to achieve design of composite drive shaft with less weight to increase the first natural frequency of the shaft and to decrease the bending stresses using various stacking sequences. By doing the same, maximize the torque transmission and torsional\u00a0buckling capabilities are also maximized.This work deals with the replacement of a conventional steel drive shaft with High Strength Carbon drive shafts for an automobile application.\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n3D MODEL OF PROPELLER SHAFT CREATED USING SOLIDWORKS\r\n\r\nA \u00a0drive \u00a0shaft, \u00a0also \u00a0known \u00a0as \u00a0a \u00a0propeller \u00a0shaft \u00a0or cardan \u00a0shaft, \u00a0it \u00a0is \u00a0a \u00a0mechanical \u00a0part \u00a0that \u00a0transmits \u00a0the \u00a0torque generated by a vehicle's engine into usable motive force to propel the vehicle. Now a day\u2019s two piece steel shaft are mostly used as a drive shaft. The two-piece steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increases the total weight of an automotive vehicle and decreases fuel efficiency. \u00a0This work deals with the replacement of conventional two-piece steel drive shafts with a one-piece E-glass\/epoxy composite drive shaft for an automotive application. The basic requirements considered here are total deformation, stress and strain distribution in the modified model of the propeller shaft. The analysis is also repeated by applying the normal structural steel which is the usual material for manufacturing the propeller shaft and the obtained results are compared. \u00a0Results obtained from this study shows that the modified model is compact and due to the usage of Epoxy component the data obtained are satisfactory. A one-piece hybrid composite full drive shaft is designed using 3D modelling software called SOLIDWORKS 2016 and its structural behavior is optimally analyzed using Finite Element Analysis Software called ANSYS WORKBENCH R 2016.\r\n\r\nMain objective of the present study is to:\r\n\r\n1. Modeling of the High Strength Carbon\/Epoxy composite drive shaft using ANSYS.\r\n\u00a0\r\n2. Static and Buckling analysis are to be carried out on the finite element model of the High Strength Carbon\/Epoxy composite drive shaft using ANSYS.\r\n\u00a0\r\n3. To investigate\r\na) The stress and strain distributions in High Strength Carbon composite drive shafts.\r\nb) Calculate mass reduction when using the High Strength Carbon.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nModeling of implant and surrounding bone\r\n\r\n\r\nThe 3D Model of Propeller Shaft is done using Solidworks which enables design automation and product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design.The major dimensions of propeller shaft considered for present analysis are as follows :-\r\nA. Hollow shaft\r\nI. Outside diameter of hollow shaft = Outside diameter of solid shaft\r\ndoh = 100mm,dih= 50mm K=dih\/doh=0.5 L= 900mm\r\n\r\nFinite element model\r\nFor the present study ANSYS Workbench 12.0 is used. The propeller shaft model is imported into Workbench. The imported model is meshed using Tetrahedral and Hexahedral elements.\r\n\r\nLoading and boundary conditions\r\nMaximum load condition for a shaft is the condition at which the Differential (Wheel) movement is arrested and the Gearbox is on action. So that we are applying three boundary conditions, a Moment of 350000 Nm (anti-clockwise), a Rotational Velocity of 650 rad\/s ( anti-clockwise) and a fixed end.","headline":"Design, Comparison and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-04-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/3DMODELOFPROPELLERSHAFTCREATEDUSINGSOLIDWORKS-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/use-of-venturimeter-for-flow/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/venturimeter-cut-section-300x289.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Venturimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/use-of-venturimeter-for-flow/">Venturimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Use Of Venturimeter for Flow Measurement   A venturi meter is a device used to measure the fluid flow through pipes. This flow measurement device is based on the principle of Bernoulli's...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/use-of-venturimeter-for-flow/" aria-label="View Post: Venturimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Venturimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/use-of-venturimeter-for-flow\/","articleBody":"Use Of Venturimeter for Flow Measurement\u00a0\r\n\r\nA venturi meter\u00a0is a device used to measure\u00a0the fluid flow through pipes. This flow\u00a0measurement device is based on the principle of Bernoulli's equation.\r\n\r\n\r\nBernoulli\u2019s Theorem :\r\nIt states that, in a steady flow of real fluid, the total head (total energy per N of flowing fluid) at any section is equal to that at any subsequent section, plus the loss of head occurring between the two sections.\r\nOR\r\nIt states that whenever there is a continuous flow of liquid, the total energy at every section remains the same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.\r\n\r\nMathematically,\r\n\r\nP\/W + V^2 \/ 2g + Z = Constant\r\n\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\n\r\nP\/W = Pressure energy,\r\nV^2 \/ 2g\u00a0 = Kinetic energy,\r\n\r\n\r\n Z = Potential energy\r\n\r\nApplications of Bernoulli\u2019s Theorem :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tVenturimeter, \r\n \tOrifice meter, \r\n \tNozzle meter or Flow nozzle, \r\n \tRotameter, Elbow meter (or Pipe-bend Meter), \r\n \tPitot Tube\r\n\r\nventuri meter cut section\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nParts Of Venturi Meter\u00a0\r\nIt consists of three parts.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. A short converging section:\r\n\r\nIn the converging section, the area of flow is decreases and hence the velocity of fluid increases and the static pressure decreases. Normally the convergent angle is of 21\u00b0 \u00b1 2\u00b0.\r\n\r\n2. A throat:\r\n\r\nThis is the cylindrical section of the minimum area where the velocity is maximum and pressure is minimum. The throat diameter is usually between 0.25 to 0.5 times the inlet diameter of the pipe. The length of the throat equals its diameter.\r\n\r\n3. A diverging section:\r\n\r\nThe diverging section is a diffuser where the area is increased back to the pipe entrance area and hence the pressure is increased. To recover all the pressure energy, the divergent angle is kept of 5\u00b0 7\u00b0. This angle has to be kept less so that the flowing fluid has the least tendency to separate from the wall of the pipe. However, with small angles, the length and hence the cost of the venturi meter would increase. So where pressure recovery is not important, the divergent angle may be kept as high as 14\u00b0.\r\n\r\nThe small-sized venturi meter, suitable for pipelines less than 5cm diameter, are usually made of brass or bronze. The inside surface is smoothly finished to reduce friction.\r\nLarge-sized venturi meters are usually made of cast iron with throat made of brass or bronze. Very large-sized venturi meter, up to 6m pipe diameter has been made of smooth surface concrete. Only the throat is made of machined bronze.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nVenturimeter Principle :\r\nIt is based on the principle of Bernoulli\u2019s equation. Inside of the venturi meter pressure difference is created by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage. The pressure difference is measured by using a differential U-tube manometer. This pressure difference helps in the determination of the rate of flow of fluid or discharge through the pipeline. As the inlet area of the venturi is large than at the throat, the velocity at the throat increases resulting in a decrease of pressure. By this, a pressure difference is created between the inlet and the throat of the venturi.\r\n\r\n\r\nVenturimeter Diagram :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nVenturiMeter\r\nConstruction of Venturi meter\r\n\r\nThe following are the main parts and areas of venture meter:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of the pipe through which fluid flows. This enables the venture to be fitted to the pipe.\r\n \tAfter the entry, there is a converging conical section with an included angle of 19\u2019 to 23\u2019.\r\n \tFollowing the converging section, there is a cylindrical section with a minimum area called as the throat.\r\n \tAfter the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an included angle of 5\u2019 to 15\u2019.\r\n \tOpenings are provided at the entry and throat (at sections 1 and 2 in the diagram) of the venture meter for attaching a differential pressure sensor (u-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge, etc) as shown in the diagram.\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking Operation of venturi meter:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry section of the venturi meter with a pressure P1.\r\n \tAs the fluid from the entry section of the venturi meter flows into the converging section, its pressure keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it enters the throat. That is, in the throat, the fluid pressure P2 will be minimum.\r\n \tThe differential pressure sensor attached between the entry and throat section of the venturi meter records the pressure difference(P1-P2) which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid through the pipe when calibrated.\r\n \tThe diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section, the greater is the recovery.\r\n\r\nEquation of actual discharge through venturimeter :\r\nventurimeter discharge derivation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe coefficient of discharge ( ) for venturi meter is usually in the range of 0.95 to 0.98.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nValue of \u2032\u2032 Given by U-tube Manometer\r\nCase-I Heavier fluid in the manometer\r\n\r\nIf the U-tube manometer contains a liquid that is heavier than the liquid flowing through the pipe. Then,\r\n\r\n\u210e = x [ S\u210e \/ So \u2212 1] = ( P1 \/\u03c1g\u00a0 \u2212 P2\/\u03c1g ) + (Z1 \u2212 Z2)\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\nS\u210e = Specific gravity of heavier fluid used in the manometer\r\nSo = Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe\r\nx = Difference in the level of heavier fluid in the manometer\r\n\r\nCase-II Lighter fluid in the manometer\r\n\r\nIf the U-tube manometer contains a liquid which is lighter than the liquid flowing through the pipe. Then,\r\n\r\n\u210e = x [1 \u2212 Sl\/ So ] = ( P1\/\u03c1g \u2212 P2 \/ \u03c1g ) + (Z1 \u2212 Z2 )\r\n\r\nWhere,\r\nSl = Specific gravity of lighter fluid used in the manometer\r\nSo = Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe\r\nx = Difference in the level of lighter fluid in the manometer\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHydraulic Coefficients,\r\nCoefficient of Velocity ( Cv)\r\n\r\nIt is defined as the ratio between the actual velocity of a jet at vena-contracta and the theoretical velocity of jet at orifice plate.\r\n\r\n\u2234 Cv = \u03bd act \/ v th\r\n\r\nThe theoretical velocity is given by,\r\n\r\nv th = \u221a2\u210e\r\nThe value of Cv varies from 0.95 to 0.99 for different orifices. For sharp-edged orifice generally, it is taken as 0.98.\r\nCoefficient of Contraction (Cc)\r\nIt is defined as the ratio of the area of the jet at vena-contracta to the area of the orifice.\r\n\r\nCc= ac \/ ao\r\n\r\nThe value of Cc varies from 0.61 to 0.69 for different orifices. In general, it is taken as 0.64.\r\nCoefficient of Discharge (Cd)\r\nIt is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge from an orifice.\r\n\r\nCd = Qact \/ Q th\r\nCd\u00a0 = Cc \u00d7 Cv\r\n\r\nThe value of Cd varies from 0.61 to 0.65 for different orifices. In general, it is taken as 0.62.\r\n\r\nApplication of Venturimeter:\r\nVenturimeter Applications are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIt is used where high-pressure recovery is required.\r\n \tIt can be used for measuring flow rates of water, gases, suspended solids, slurries, and dirty liquids.\r\n \tIt can be used to measure high flow rates in pipes having diameters in a few meters.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Venturimeters\r\nVenturimeter Advantages are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tFewer chances of getting clogged with sediments\r\n \tThe coefficient of discharge is high.\r\n \tIts behavior can be predicted perfectly.\r\n \tIt can be installed vertically, horizontally, or inclined.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Venturimeters :\r\nVenturimeter disadvantages are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThey are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used.\r\n \tExpensive initial cost, installation, and maintenance.\r\n \tRequire long laying length. That is, the venturimeter has ti be proceeded by a straight pipe which is free from fittings and misalignments to avoid turbulence inflow, for satisfactory operation. Therefore, straightening vanes are a must.\r\n \tIt cannot be used in pipes below 7.5 cm diameter.","headline":"Venturimeter &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Advantages, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-04-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/venturimeter-cut-section-300x289.jpg","height":289,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-of-blow-molding-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/blow-molding-process1-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-of-blow-molding-advantages/">Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding   Blow Molding
Blow molding is a manufacturing process that is used to produce hollow plastic parts by inflating a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-of-blow-molding-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-of-blow-molding-advantages\/","articleBody":"Introduction Of Blow Molding | \u00a0Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding\u00a0\r\n\r\nBlow Molding\r\nBlow molding is a manufacturing process that is used to produce hollow plastic parts by inflating\u00a0a heated plastic until it fills a mold and formed the desired shape. The schematic of blow\u00a0molding process is shown in figure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nblow molding process\r\n\r\nWorking Principle\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nIn this process, the thermoplastic in the form of small pellets or granules is first heated above the\u00a0melting temperature and molded into a preform using injection molding process. These preforms\u00a0are used to feed into the blow mold. The preform is heated above the glass transition temperature\u00a0and formed into a hollow tube which is called parison. The parison is then clamped between two\u00a0mold halves and inflated by high air pressure until it conforms to the inner shape of the mold.\r\nThe air pressure is required as 60 to 140 psi depending upon the material used. The preform is\u00a0always stretched from the center of the part during the process. This is a single stage process, as\u00a0both preform manufacturing and bottle blowing are performed in the same machine. The formed\u00a0part solidified as it is cooled inside the mold. The mold halves are separated and the final product\u00a0is removed. Final part may be trimmed.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBlow molding Process\r\n\r\n\r\nGenerally, mold can be made of metal. Cycle time depends upon the finished part wall thickness.\u00a0If the part wall thickness is 1.5 mm, the cycle time will be 40 to 50 seconds.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nProcess Parameters\r\n\r\n\r\n \tAmount of plastic material\r\n \tMelting temperature of plastic material\r\n \tAir pressure required\r\n \tCooling time\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMaterials Used\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\nDifferent types of thermoplastic material are used, for example: High Density Polyethylene\u00a0(HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC),\u00a0Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET), and Polycarbonate (PC).\r\n\u00a0\r\nApplications\r\nDifferent types of plastic products can be manufactured by this process such as bottles in different shape and size, jars, and containers, ducting, fluid oil tanks, mugs, and toys.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tLow tooling cost\r\n \tFast production rates\r\n \tAbility to mold complex part with uniform thickness\r\n \tLittle scrap generated\r\n \tLarge hollow shape can be produced\r\n \tProduced parts can be recycle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tLimited to hollow parts\r\n \tThick parts can\u2019t be manufactured","headline":"Introduction Of Blow Molding |  Advantages And Disadvantages Of Blow molding","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-04-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/blow-molding-process1-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/downdraft-gasifier-ic-engine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/DesignAndFabricationOfDowndraftGasifierAppliedToI.C.Engine-251x300.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/downdraft-gasifier-ic-engine/">Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine  Introduction
Biomass gasification is basically the conversion of solid biofuels into a combustible gas mixture known as...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/downdraft-gasifier-ic-engine/" aria-label="View Post: Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/downdraft-gasifier-ic-engine\/","articleBody":"Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\nBiomass gasification is basically the conversion of solid biofuels into a combustible gas mixture known as \u201esyn-gas\u201f or \u201eproducer gas.\u201f A gasifier is a chemical reactor that performs this conversion\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign And Fabrication Of Down draft Gasifier Applied ToI .C.Engine\r\n\r\nBiomass resources are potentially the world\u201fs largest and most sustainable energy sources for power generation in the 21st century. The current availability of biomass in India is estimated about 500 million metric tonnes per year. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has estimated surplus biomass availability at about 120 \u2013 150 million metric tonnes per annum covering agricultural and forestry residues corresponding to a potential of about 17,000 MW. Gasification is a thermo-chemical process by which carbonaceous (hydrocarbon) materials (coal, petroleum coke, biomass, etc.) can be converted to a synthesis gas (syngas) or producer gas by means of partial oxidation with air, oxygen, and\/or steam. The device which performs this work is known as gasifier. Gasifier is a chemical reactor where various complex chemical and physical processes take place. A hydrocarbon feedstock (biomass) is fed into a high-pressure, high-temperature chemical reactor (gasifier) containing steam and a limited amount of oxygen. As biomass flows through the reactor it gets dried, heated, pyrolysed, partially oxidized and reduced. Under these \u201creducing\u201d conditions, the chemical bonds in the feedstock are severed by the extreme heat and pressure and producer gas is formed. The main constituents of producer gas are hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO). A typical composition of syngas produced from wood gasification on volumetric basis is given below, Producer gas derived from biomass can be used in IC engine with some modifications. Spark ignition (SI) engine can be made to run entirely on producer gas and compression ignition (CI) engine replaces 60% - 80% fuel oil by using producer gas.\r\nExperimentation and Analysis Once the complete assembly of the gasifier is finished, it would be operated using wood pellets as biomass and charcoal grate for initial starting. The gas generated would be tested to determine its composition, calorific value and most importantly tar content.\r\n\r\n\r\nConclusions\r\n1. Drastic reduction in fuel consumption.\r\n2. Low Tar content.\r\n3. Easily implemented in small scale industries, which would cause saving of non-renewable energy resources and provide an alternate sustainable energy source.\r\n\r\nDownload Paper:\r\nhttp:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jmce\/papers\/vol13-issue2\/Version-2\/E1302022628.pdf","headline":"Design And Fabrication Of Downdraft Gasifier Applied To I.C. Engine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-04-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/DesignAndFabricationOfDowndraftGasifierAppliedToI.C.Engine-251x300.png","height":300,"width":251},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/20-principles-of-material-handling-and/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/material-handling-equipments-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/20-principles-of-material-handling-and/">20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment   1. Orientation Principle  Study the system relationships thoroughly prior to preliminary planning in order to identify existing methods and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/20-principles-of-material-handling-and/" aria-label="View Post: 20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/20-principles-of-material-handling-and\/","articleBody":"20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment\u00a0\r\n\r\n1. Orientation Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nStudy the system relationships thoroughly prior to preliminary planning in order to identify existing methods and problems, physical and economic constraints, and to establish future requirements and goals.\r\n\u00a0\r\n2. Planning Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nEstablish a plan to include basic requirements, desirable options, and the consideration of contingencies for all material handling and storage activities.\r\n\u00a0\r\n3. Systems Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nIntegrate those handling and storage activities which are economically viable into a coordinated system of operation including receiving, inspection, storage, production, assembly, packaging, warehousing, shipping and transportation.\r\n\u00a0\r\n4. Unit Load Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nHandle product in as large a unit load as practical.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrinciples Of Material Handling\u00a0\r\n\r\n5. Space Utilization Principle\u00a0\r\n\r\nMake effective utilization of all cubic space.\r\n\u00a0\r\n6. Standardization Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nStandardize handling methods and equipment wherever possible.\r\n\u00a0\r\n7. Ergonomic Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nRecognize human capabilities and limitations by designing material handling equipment and procedures for effective interaction with the people using the system.\r\n\u00a0\r\n8. Energy Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nInclude energy consumption of the material handling systems and material handling procedures when making comparisons or preparing economic justifications.\r\n\u00a0\r\n9. Ecology Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nMinimize adverse effects on the environment when selecting material handling equipment and procedures.\r\n\u00a0\r\n10. Mechanization Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanize the handling process where feasible to increase efficiency and economy in the handling of materials.\r\n\u00a0\r\n11. Flexibility Principle\r\n\r\nUse methods and equipment which can perform a variety of tasks under a variety of operating conditions.\r\n\u00a0\r\n12. Simplification Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nSimplify handling by eliminating, reducing, or combining unnecessary movements and\/or equipment.\r\n\u00a0\r\n13. Gravity Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nUtilize gravity to move material wherever possible, while respecting limitations concerning safety, product damage and loss.\r\n\u00a0\r\n14. Safety Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nProvide safe material handling equipment and methods which follow existing safety codes and\u00a0regulations in addition to accrued experience.\r\n\u00a0\r\n15. Computerization Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nConsider computerization in material handling and storage systems, when circumstances warrant, for improved material and information control.\r\n\u00a0\r\n16. System Flow Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nIntegrate data flow with the physical material flow in handling and storage.\r\n\u00a0\r\n17. Layout Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nPrepare an operational sequence and equipment layout for all viable system solutions, then select the alternative system which best integrates efficiency and effectiveness.\r\n\u00a0\r\n18. Cost Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nCompare the economic justification of alternate solutions in equipment and methods on the basis of economic effectiveness as measured by expense per unit handled.\r\n\u00a0\r\n19. Maintenance Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nPrepare a plan for preventive maintenance and scheduled repairs on all material handling equipment.\r\n\u00a0\r\n20. Obsolescence Principle\r\n\r\n\r\nPrepare a long range and economically sound policy for replacement of obsolete equipment and methods with special consideration to after-tax life cycle costs.","headline":"20 Principles Of Material Handling and Equipment","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-04-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/material-handling-equipments-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/bharat-norms-4-standards/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6750_bharat_stage_6-300x172.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/bharat-norms-4-standards/">What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.
BS Stands For Bharat Stage- 1,2 ,3,4   BS is related with air pollution control norms set by Indian Government . Indian Government has...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/bharat-norms-4-standards/" aria-label="View Post: What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/bharat-norms-4-standards\/","articleBody":"What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.\r\nBS Stands For Bharat Stage- 1,2 ,3,4\u00a0\r\n\r\nBS is related with air pollution\u00a0control norms set by Indian Government . Indian Government has decided allowable limit in percentages for various exhaust gases\u00a0\u00a0like Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbon, Carbon Monoxides. This emission gases hazardous to the environment.\r\n\r\n\r\nPOLLUTION\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\u00a0All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations.\r\nWhat Is BS ?\r\nBharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines and Spark ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests and climate change.\r\n\r\n\r\nFirst BS-III rule was introduced in 2005 and was implemented in 15 cities overall and by 2010 the nationwide implementation of BS-III vehicles was completed.\r\nBS-IV for 13 metro cities was introduced in April 2010 and the nationwide implementation is also now completed wit Supreme Court banning the sale of all BS-III vehicles starting April 1, 2017.\r\n\r\nBs4 means a ' catalytic converter' is a mandatory addition to the exhaust system\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe nation wide roll out of BS-IV suffered a delay due to lack of availability of BS-IV compliant fuel. Oil makers had to make the necessary investment to manufacture 50 ppm ultra low sulfur required to support BS-IV norms.\r\n\r\n\r\nAlso, the BS norms are based on European emission norms which, for example, are referred to in a similar manner like \u2018Euro 4\u2019 and \u2018Euro 6\u2019. These norms are followed largely by all automakers across the globe and act as a good reference point as to how much does a vehicle pollute.\r\n\r\nTo wrap it up and put it simply, Bharat Stage emission norms are largely similar to the European emission norms followed globally.\r\n\r\n\r\nWhy BS 4 Applicable strictly\u00a0\r\n\r\nIndia has some of the most polluted cities in the world and automobiles are often considered as one of the biggest factors responsible for it. The need of the hour is to control the pollution levels by all means possible and since globally, countries are implying Euro 6 levels of emission regulations, India needs to step up its game and hence the BS III to BS IV emission norm implication.\r\n\r\nDifference between BS3 And BS4 \/ BS4 bike Changes ?\r\n\r\nYou might wonder what exactly changes in engine and exhaust system should be made to meet emission gases requirement as per bs4.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tBs4 cars require special bs4 compliant Bs4 diesel( containing low sulfer i.e.50ppm) , while Bs3 cars can run on high sulfer (500 ppm) containing bs3 complaint or bs4 complaint diesel.\r\n \t\r\n \tDifference in emissions b\/w bs3 and bs4\r\n\r\nBS3\u00a0\r\n\r\ncarbonmonoxide 2.30 g\/km\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nHC 0.20 g\/km\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nNOX 0.15 g\/kmBS4\u00a0\r\n\r\ncarbonmonoxide 1.00 g\/km\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nHC 0.10 g\/km\u00a0\r\nNOX 0.08g\/km\r\n\r\n\r\nThese figures clearly state that BS IV engines would cut down emissions by 80% and hats off to authorities who have taken this bold step for a better environment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tMajor change in BS IV is the evaporative emission control. In 2 wheelers, in order to comply with the norms, bikes will have to be fitted with carbon canisters to control evaporative emissions. The vapour from fuel has a higher amount of unburned hydrocarbons (extremely harmful to environment). So when the vehicle is parked, these vapours are formed. These escape out when refuelling and this has to be limited according to BSIV norms.\r\n \tThe commercial vehicles are mandated to have EGR and SCR as per BS IV norms. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converts NOx molecules into Nitrogen and water.","headline":"What Is Difference Between BS3 and BS4 Engine Bikes.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/6750_bharat_stage_6-300x172.jpg","height":172,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=245">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=244"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>244</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=245"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>245</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>246</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=247"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>247</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=248"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>248</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=247">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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